The issue of management and planning for urban Fringe in different countries always experience different approaches, attitudes that are generally in the form of protection or development of urban Fringe and surroundings areas, because it depends on political, economic and institutional developments over time. For this reason, there is no uniform and formal definition of urban Fringe among different countries. Over the past five decades, city of Tehran has adopted different policies in the plans and provided projects which were different in the preparation and implementation. In the present study, five decades of planning for the Urban Fringe of Tehran are investigated and analyzed, and these programs have been studied and analyzed from two dimensions of policy and quality. The paper is applied and is based on a non-intrusive interpretive approach. The information gathering tools are library studies and use of various sources and texts. The study's findings for policy analysis identified five categories (management, planning, organization, conservation, development) and for analyzing the quality of the seven categories (program presentation, effect of reality, popular participation, infrastructure capacity, land status, implementation and adaptability). The results of the analysis of the programs show that in the developed programs the main approach and policy is based on the protection of Urban Fringe, which in order to achieve it should improve the integrity (due to the way of implementation) and legitimacy (due to lack of public participation) of the programs.

Desert - Fringe cities constitute a considerable number of the Iranian Settlements. These same cities have been facing drastic physical alterations, cavsed by the practice of the Modern Architecture and Urban Design teachings over the last three decades. The modern interventions, such as the implementation of «the Street - Widening Projects» and «City Master Plans», have led into several unwanted consequences at both architectural and urban design scales. Some of the consequences include: the predominance of construction of buildings with little respect for the climatic condition of desert areas, and damaging natural resources, such as conversion of quality agricultural lands into urban built-up area to meet the requirements of the low-density-urban-sprawl paradigm currently prevailing in these cities.This article aims to review the theoretical underpinnings of the concept of «Sustainable Urban Design» and subsequently, to critically examine the practice of Modern Urban Design with in desert communities from an environmentally sustainable point of view. The paper suggests that through application of the principles of Sustainable Urban Design, and through learning lessons from the traditional architectural heritage of the communities involved, one can guide the physical environments of the cities towards a more harmonious relationship with their natural settings. In so doing, application of the principles ruling the «Iranian compact city» model is advised, and the adaptation of urban regeneration policies are underlined.

The Administrative Justice Court annulled the directive that was issued by the Iranian National Tax Administration. According to the directive, kindergarten, food, commuting, … subsidies are not exempt from the payroll tax. In this research, which is conducted with the descriptive-analytical approach, the exemption or the lack of exemption of the subsidies is studied with regard to the tax law. The Administrative Justice Court stated that the aforesaid subsidies are not considered “job-related Benefits”. Rather, they are considered employee-related Benefits. This definition is not only vague but also questionable because any payment made to the employees is for doing their job, otherwise, the aforementioned payments are baseless. However, assuming the aforesaid payments do not originate from the job and are ex gratia payments, they are subject to the incidental income tax due to the article 119 of the Tax Law, by virtue of indent 2 of article 1 of the Tax Law, whereby the incomes of natural persons are considered to be entirely subject to taxation, but if these payments are not assumed to be ex gratia payments, they are subject to the payroll tax, i. e. article 93.

The rapid growth of Tehran's population and the increasing need for land to respond to the needs of a residence, activity, urban services, etc., caused cities caused the city to move forward in its surrounding lands and changed land uses significantly and quickly. This paper aimed to investigate these changes and their futures in district 22 of Tehran Municipality. It has a descriptive-analytical method and the data is obtained from documentary and library sources. The process of changes and the existing situation were analyzed qualitatively and descriptively. To identify the drivers of future changes, a structural-interpretive model has been implemented using Mic-Mac software. For this purpose, all the land uses and activities (64 land uses and activities) were extracted and listed. Then, by implementing the Delphi method with the participation of 8 experts, 25 possible land uses were determined. After completing the matrix, the nearest rounded figures to the average numbers which were inserted by the experts, are the basis of the analysis. Finding showed that before the formation of the district, in 1972, the urban Fringe of the district, large-scale urban land uses such as sports, research-educational, recreational and military land use, as well as urban and residential complexes, established in agricultural and vacant lands.  Then, constructed settlements, parks, and green spaces as well as recreational, military, research-educational lands and roads, were established here. The analysis of drivers also showed that in the future, out of a total of 25 possible land uses, forestry, eco- tourism, constructiing villas and secon homes, parks, malls, military spaces, stadiums and sports places, and roads and transportation terminals cause to main changes on the structural-physical of the studied Fringe.

Flood is a common natural disaster that causes immense damage to the natural environment, construction and casualties worldwide every year. The control factors of the flood are power, magnitude, and frequency, duration of the flow and changes of cross-sections. In this research, the quantitative Fringe of Gamasiyab River (located in the Kermanshah province) has been investigated using DLSRS model. The DLSRS is the first mathematical model for calculation of quantitative Fringe according to the rules and regulations of the country. First, the cross-sections were extracted by the HEC-GeoRAS extension in GIS software. Then the quantitative Fringe of Gamasiyab River has been calculated for 130 cross-sections by five indexes including discharge (25 years return period), location of the river, stability of the bed and bank, flow regime and social tension. The results of the model show that the quantitative Fringe was 3 to 13 meters on average in different reaches so that the highest value of the Fringe in the Gamasiab River was in the reach 1 and the lowest was in the reach 11. Also results show that this model was not suitable for all of the rivers in the country and it is suitable for the rivers that have different stream orders. Therefore the results of this model will not be acceptable for the Gamasiyab River (the stream order of this river is 5th). This model is suitable for the rivers which have bare and non-proprietary riparian.

Background: Provision of quality and accessible health services comes with its challenges. Therefore, the need to highlight how motivation and job satisfaction can impact nurses’ performances at the Korle-Bu teaching hospital. Objectives: The research aimed to practically highlight nurses’ motivation and job satisfaction by identifying what constituted motivation packages of nurses and how the work they did could give them satisfaction at the Korle-Bu teaching hospital. Methods: The research employed a qualitative method with a case study design. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions (data triangulation) were used for primary data collection. A total of 40 respondents, including ten key informants, were selected using the purposive and convenience sampling techniques. Results: The research found that the recognition of needs of nurses, improved remunerations, enhanced conditions of service of the nurses’ , regular payment of nurses’ salaries’ , the institution of study leave with pay policy, among others, were considered as factors that could contribute to nurses’ motivation and job satisfaction. These findings are consistent with the findings of other studies. Again, the study found that professional allowances paid to nurses, reduced rent, and the like are current motivation packages directed at nurses at the Korle-Bu teaching hospital. Conclusion: It is important to state that for motivation to accomplish its intended purpose, there is the need for the hospital to identify the individual needs to satisfy to enhance job satisfaction.

During the past three decades the urban population of the developing countries has increaset1 tremendously. Most of this urban population growth has taken place on the metropolitan Fringe, Also, about 42 cent of the developing countries urban population live in informal settlements, many located on the urban Fringe.The demographic processes in the Tehran Metropolitan Region (TMR) during the past three decades reveals that while the population of the Tehran city has grown only 2, 3 times, the population of the rest of the TMR has grown by 7.8 times during the said period. Also, during the twenty-year period between 1976-1996 about 40 per cent of the five million-population increase of the TMR, have resided in informal settlements.The unprecedented growth of informal settlements in the TMR, has brought about many socio-economic, cultural environmental and political problems. This article which is based on the findings of a research project funded by the Tehran University, attempts to survey some socio-economic characterics of the households residing in some of the spontaneous settlements on the Tehran Metropolitan Fringe, specifically trying to answer the following questions:1. Are these settlements functionally integrated with rural areas or with the Tehran Metropolis?2. Are the residents of these settlements engaged in the formal or informal economic act ivies?This is done by surveying 206 households (selected by random sampling techniques) in three spontaneous settlements, namely, Bagher Abad, Saleh Abad, and Khtoon Abad, located in the vicinity of Tehran's three major transportation routes.The findings of the study reveal that; the spontaneous settlements studied are not functionally integrated with rural areas, but rather with the Tehran Metropolis: and that many Fringe workers are informally employed.

The frequency and severity of floods has increased globally. However, in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, there is no accurate data for estimating the probable of flood risk. In this research, flood risk zonation has been done for delineation of flood Fringe in Gamasiyab River (south of the Sahneh city, east of the Kermanshah province). The simulation of the flood has been carried out based on the HEC-RAS (one-dimensional hydrodynamic model), and the geometric data has been processed in the GIS by the HEC-GEORAS extension. Also peak discharge in diffrence return periods has been calculated using SMADA software by Type III Pearson distribution. The study area has been divided to four reaches based on river patterns and then manning's roughness coefficient has been calculated for each reach. The results show that 23. 78 km2 and 42. 1 km2 of the river floodplain have been inundated by 25-year and 100-year return periods respectively, so that amount of damage from the 100-year flood was higher than the 25-year flood. Also the width of inundation area in the reaches 2, 3 and 4 indicated that 25-year return period was not good criteria for flood Fringe. It is necessary to study the other features of the river, including bed morphology, river depth and river pattern.